Biography
Born Melbourne, Australia, 1942. Visiting professor in Fribourg, Switzerland (1982); Frankfurt, Germany (1988); Wollongong, Australia (1994); Tilburg, Netherlands (1996); Australian Catholic University, Sydney (2001); Visiting Fellow, Centre for the Study of Religions, Istituto Trentino di Cultura, Trento, Italy (April-May 2006); Visiting Professor, Zentrum fuer interkulturelle Theologie und Studium der Religionen, Universitaet Salzburg (2008); Distinguished Research Fellow, Asia-Pacific Centre for Interreligious Dialogue, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne (October-December 2009).
STUDY TRIPS:
. July 1999 Annual Lotus Sûtra conference of Rissho Kosei-kai in Bandai-san, Japan; paper on "The Lotus Sûtra as Sacred Space: The Social Functions of a Religious Text".
. April 1998 Visit to Japan with a group organised by International Interfaith Centre, Oxford, as guests of the Buddhist lay organisation Rissho Kosei-kai, including Buddhist and Shinto religious centres in Tokyo, Kyoto, Nara, Osaka and Nagoya and formal interreligious dialogue meetings.
. Dec. 1997 - April 1998 Study leave in Thailand (Spirit in Education Movement), Australia (Australian Catholic University, Sydney; Australian National University, Canberra), Hawai'i (University of Hawai'i at Mânoa, Honolulu).
. July 1992 Visits to Pacific Conference of Churches, Pacific Theological College, Pacific Regional Seminary and ecumenical organisations, Suva, Fiji.
. Mar. 1991 Visits to centres of Buddhist-Christian development cooperation, Bangkok and northeast Thailand.
. Mar. 1986 Visits to local churches and development centres, Jayapura, Irian Jaya, and Communion of Churches in Indonesia (PGI), Jakarta; visits to centres of Buddhist-Christian dialogue, Hong Kong.
. Aug.-Sept. 1985 Visits to centres of Aboriginal ministry and theology, Darwin, Alice Springs and Townsville, Australia.
. Oct.-Dec. 1983 Visits to member schools of Melanesian Association of Theological Schools, Papua New Guinea and Solomon Islands.
. July 1982 Visits to ecumenical centres in Port Moresby, Goroka and Lae, PNG.
. Aug. 1979 Visits to centres of Buddhist-Christian dialogue in Sri Lanka as guest of Fr Aloysius Pieris SJ and Rev. Lynn de Silva.
. Mar. 1977 Visits to Departments of Religious Studies in Brisbane, Sydney, Melbourne and Adelaide.
Publications and Further Research Outputs
Peer-Reviewed Publications
Political Theology Revisited in, editor(s)John O'Grady, Cathy Higgins and Jude Lal Fernando , Mining Truths: Festschrift in Honour of Geraldine Smyth OP - Ecumenical Theologian and Peacebuilder, St Ottilien, EOS Verlag, 2015, pp537 - 554, [John D'Arcy]
John D'Arcy, Time and History as Parameters of Liberation: Some Indications from Levinas and Nāgārjuna, Journal for the Academic Study of Religion, 27, (1), 2014, p20 - 34
John D'Arcy, Social Justice and the Churches: Challenges and Responsibilities, Adelaide, Australian Theological Forum, 2014, 168pppp
John D'Arcy, Buddhologie und Christologie. Unterwegs zu einer kollaborativen Theologie , Innsbruck-Wien, Tyrolia Verlag, 2014, 160pppp
May Buddhists Hope? A Christian Enquiry" in, editor(s)Peter Admirand , Loss and Hope: Global, Interreligious and Interdisciplinary Perspectives, London, Bloomsbury, 2014, pp95 - 108, [John D'Arcy]
Only Connect? Ecumenism Encounters the Religions in, editor(s)Andrew Pierce and Oliver Schuegra , Den Blick weiten: Wenn Ökumene den Religionen begegnet / Dialogue inside-out: Ecumenism Encounters the Religions, Leipzig, Evangelische Verlagsanstalt,, 2014, pp313 - 328, [John D'Arcy]
Linda Hogan & John May, Visioning Ecumenics as Intercultural, Interreligious, and Public Theology, Concilium, 2011, (1), 2011, p70 - 84
Time and Narrative in Buddhism and Christianity in, editor(s)Clemens Mendonca and Bernd Jochen Hilberath , Religion and Culture: A Multicultural Discussion. Festschrift in Honour of Francis X. D'Sa, SJ , Pune: Institute for the Study of Religion, 2011, pp290-299 , [John D'Arcy May]
The Dialogue of Religions: Source of Knowledge? Means of Peace? in, editor(s)Ariane Hentsch Cisneros and Shanta Premawardhana , Sharing Values: A Hermeneutics for Global Ethics, Geneva, Globalethics.net, 2011, pp207-226 , [John D'Arcy May]
Jakarta and Jayapura: The Dialogue of Religions and 'Papua Land of Peace' in, editor(s)Carole M. Cusack and Christopher Hartney , Religion and Retributive Logic: Essays in Honour of Professor Garry W. Trompf, Leiden and Boston, Brill, 2010, pp19 - 42, [John D'Arcy May]
John D'Arcy May, Die ökumenische Alternative. Die eine bewohnte Erde neu denken, Salzburger Theologische Zeitschrift , 14, (2), 2010, p187-202
John D'Arcy May, Linda Hogan, Ecumenics as Intercultural and Interreligious Encounter, Search: A Church of Ireland Journal , 33, (3), 2010, p177-184
Buddhism and Christianity: Christian Perspective, Daniel Patte, The Cambridge Dictionary of Christianity, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2010, pp152-153 , [John D'Arcy May]
Buddhist Scriptures and the Bible, Daniel Patte, The Cambridge Dictionary of Christianity, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2010, pp153-154 , [John D'Arcy May]
John D'Arcy May, Preamble to a new era in Indigenous-Christian relations? Some theological issues, Uniting Church Studies , 16, (1), 2010, p59-61
Towards a 'Collaborative Theology' - Buddhist and Christian in, editor(s)Lindsay Falvey , Buddhist-Christian Dialogue: Four Papers from the Parliament of the World's Religions, Bangkok, Inter-verity Press, 2010, pp18-30 , [John D'Arcy May]
Sympathy and Empathy: The Compassionate Bodhisattva and the Love of Christ in, editor(s)Jerald D. Gort, Henry Jansen, Wessel Stoker , Crossroad Discourses between Christianity and Culture, Amsterdam and New York, Rodopi, 2010, pp395 - 411, [John D'Arcy May]
"Was haben die Kirchen hinterlassen? Zwischen einheimischem Christentum und neuer Christenheit im Pazifik" in, editor(s)Thomas Schreijaeck , Theologie interkulturell. Glaubenskommunikation in einer gewandelten Welt, Paderborn-Munich-Zurich, Schoeningh, 2009, pp245 - 253, [John D'Arcy May]
Creator Spirit: A Narrative Theology of the Trinity in Interreligious Relations in, editor(s)Declan Marmion and Gesa Thiessen , Trinity and Salvation: Theological, Spiritual and Aesthetic Perspectives, Bern Oxford, Peter Lang, 2009, pp161 - 180, [John D'Arcy May]
Political Religion: Secularity and the Study of Religion in Global Civil Society in, editor(s)Basia Spalek and Alia Imtoual , Religion, Spirituality and the Social Sciences: Challenging Marginalisation, Bristol, Policy Press, 2008, pp9 - 22, [John D'Arcy May]
"Schoepfung erzaehlen. Moeglichkeiten narrativer Buddhologie - auch fuer die Christologie" in, editor(s)Thomas Proepper, Michael Raske, Juergen Werbick , Mystik - Herausforderung und Inspiration., Ostfildern, Matthias-Gruenewald-Verlag, 2008, pp128 - 138, [John D'Arcy May]
Linda Hogan and John D'Arcy May, "Social Ethics in Western Europe", Theological Studies, 68, 2007, p154 - 171
John D'Arcy May, Converging Ways? Conversion and Belonging in Buddhism and Christianity, St Ottilien, EOS Verlag, 2007, 206 pp
"Nothingness-qua-Love? The Implications of Absolute Nothingness for Ethics" in, editor(s)Jerald D. Gort, Henry Jansen, Hendrik M. Vroom , Probing the Depths of Evil and Good: Multireligious Views and Case Studies, Amsterdam, Editions Rodopi, 2007, pp135 - 150, [John D'Arcy May]
John D'Arcy May, "Human Dignity, Human Rights, and Religious Pluralism", Buddhist-Christian Studies, 26, 2006, p51 - 60
Buddhists, Christians and Ecology in, editor(s)Perry Schmidt-Leukel , Buddhism, Christianity and the Question of Creation: Karmic or Divine?, Aldershot, Ashgate, 2006, pp93 - 107, [John D'Arcy May]
"Gender and Culture as Dimensions of Bodiliness" in, editor(s)Harm Goris , Bodiliness and Human Dignity: An Intercultural Approach, Munster-Berlin, LIT Verlag, 2006, pp45 - 57, [Linda Hogan and John D'Arcy May]
"Rootedness: Reflections on Land and Belonging" in, editor(s)Werner G. Jeanrond and Andrew D. Mayes , Recognising the Margins: Developments in Biblical and Theological Studies. Essays in Honour of Sean Freyne, Dublin, Columba Press, 2006, pp146 - 159, [John D'Arcy May]
"Interreligious Studies in the University: Help or Hindrance to Peace?" in, editor(s)Toh Swee-hin and Virginia Cawagas , Cultivating Wisdom, Harvesting Peace, Brisbane, Multi-Faith Centre, Griffith University, 2006, pp291 - 298, [John D'Arcy May]
"Buddhists, Christians and Ecology" in, editor(s)Perry Schmidt-Leukel , Buddhism, Christianity and the Question of Creation: Karmic or Divine?, Aldershot, Ashgate, 2006, pp93 - 107, [John D'Arcy May]
The Religions and the Powers in West Papua in, editor(s)Michael Biehl and Amélé Adamavi-Aho Ekué , Gottesgabe. Vom Geben und Nehmen im Kontext gelebter Religion. Festschrift zum 65. Geburtstag von Theodor Ahrens, Frankfurt, Lembeck, 2005, pp199 - 213, [John D'Arcy May]
On Trying to Be a Theologian in, editor(s)Gesa E. Thiessen, Declan Marmion , Theology in the Making: Biography, Contexts, Methods, Dublin, Veritas, 2005, pp112 - 120, [John D'Arcy May]
Alternative a Dio? Le religioni nella sfera pubblica globale in, editor(s)Antonio Autiero , Teologia nella Città, Teologia per la Città: La dimensione secolare della scienze teologice, Bologna, Edizioni Dehoniane, 2005, pp95 - 109, [John D'Arcy May]
John D'Arcy May, The Dialogue of Religions: Source of Knowledge? Means of Peace?, Current Dialogue, (43), 2004, p11 - 18
Universalitaet oder Partikularitaet der Menschenrechte? Eine interreligioese Perspektive in, editor(s)Jan Jans , Fuer die Freiheit verantwortlich. Festschrift fuer Karl-Wilhelm Merks zum 65. Geburtstag, Fribourg, Academic Press Friebourg, 2004, pp148 - 161, [John D'Arcy May]
Cosmic Religion and Metacosmic Soteriology: The 'Completion' of Interreligious Dialogue by Primal Traditions in, editor(s)Robert Crusz, Marshal Fernando, Asanga Tilakaratne , Encounters with the Word: Essays to Honour Aloysius Pieris SJ on his 70th Birthday, Colombo, Ecumenical Institute for Study and Dialogue, 2004, pp351 - 364, [John D'Arcy May]
John D'Arcy May, Linda Hogan, Constructing the Human: Dignity in Interreligious Dialogue, Concilium, 2003, p78-89-
John D'Arcy May, Transcendence and Violence: The Encounter of Buddhist, Christian and Primal Traditions, New York and London, Continuum, 2003, 225pp
Internalising the Primal Other: Aboriginal Religion and European Christianity in, editor(s)Andrew Pierce and Geraldine Smyth OP , The Critical Spirit: Theology at the Crossroads of Faith and Culture. Essays in Honour of Gabriel Daly OSA, Dublin, Columba Press, 2003, pp79 - 96, [John D'Arcy May]
John D'Arcy May, God in Public: The Religions in Pluralist Societies, Bijdragen: International Journal in Philosophy and Theology, 64, (3), 2003, p249 - 264
John D'Arcy May, Education as Initiation? Some South Pacific Perspectives, Journal of Religious Education, 50, (2), 2002, p45 - 52
Mehr als Schulung. Religioeses Lernen als Identitiaetsstiftung im Suedpazifik in, editor(s)Engelbert Gross, Klaus Koenig , Religioeses Lernen der Kirchen im globalen Dialog, Muenster-Hamburg-London, LIT Verlag, 2001, pp107 - 121, [John D'Arcy May]
John D'Arcy May, Catholic Fundamentalism? Some Implications of Dominus Iesus for Dialogue and Peacemaking, Horizons: The Journal of the College Theological Society, 28, (2), 2001, p271 - 293
Verantwortung Coram Deo? Europa zwischen saekularer und interreligisoeser Ethik in, editor(s)Karl-Wilhelm Meks , Verantwortung - Ende oder Wandlungen einer Vorstellung? Orte und Funktionen der Ethik in unserer Gesellschaft, Muenster-Hamburg-London, LIT Verlag, 2001, pp193 - 207, [John D'Arcy May]
John D'Arcy May, A Rationale for Reconciliation, Uniting Church Studies, 7, (1), 2001, p1 - 13
Verantwortung Coram Deo? Europa zwischen saekularer und interreligioeser Ethik in, editor(s)Karl-Wilhelm Merks , Verantwortung - Ende oder Wandlungen einer Vorstellung? Orte und Funktionen der Ethik in unserer Gesellschaft, Muenster-Hamburg-London, LIT Verlag, 2001, pp193 - 207, [John D'Arcy May]
John D'Arcy May, Strange Encounters: On Transcending Violence by Transcending Difference, Studies in World Christianity, 6, (2), 2000, p271 - 244
John D'Arcy May, European Union, Christian Division? Christianity's Responsibility for Europe's Past and Future, Studies, 89, 2000, p118 - 129
John D'Arcy May, After Pluralism: Towards an Interreligious Ethic, Muenster-Hamburg-London, LIT Verlag, 2000, 155pp
Contested Space: Alternative Models of the Public Sphere in the Asia-Pacific in, editor(s)Neil Brown, Robert Gascoigne , Faith in the Public Forum, Adelaide, Australian Theological Forum, 1999, pp78 - 108, [John D'Arcy May]
Initiation, Initiationsverlust und Initiationsersatz im Suedpazifik in, editor(s)Thomas Schreijaeck , Menschwerden im Kulturwandel. Kontexte kultureller Identitaet als Wegmarken interkultureller Kompetenz: Initiation und ihre Inkulturationsprozesse, Luzern, Edition Exodus, 1999, pp456 - 471, [John D'Arcy May]
John D'Arcy May, Pluralism and the Religions: The Theological and Political Dimensions, London, Cassell, 1998, 99pp
Gibt es eine buddhistische Wirtschaftsethik? in, editor(s)Maria Hungerkamp, Matthias Lutz , Grenzueberschreitende Ethik. Festschrift fuer Prof. Dr. Johannes Hoffmann anlaesslich seines 60. Geburtstags, Frankfurt, IKO-Verlag fuer Interkulturelle Kommunikation, 1997, pp65 - 82, [John D'Arcy May]
John D'Arcy May, Development Without Violence: Some Buddhist and Christian Sources for Development Ethics , Seeds of Peace, 13, (1), 1997, p18 - 25
John D'Arcy May, Development Without Violence: Some Buddhist and Christian Sources for Development Ethics , Seeds of Peace, 13, (1), 1997, p18-25-
Pomirenje I oprostaj u Irskoj in, editor(s)Nobosja Popov , Trauma i katarza u istorijskom pamcenju, Belgrade, Srpska Strana Rata, 1996, pp713 - 725, [John D'Arcy May]
John D'Arcy May, Instrumentalisierung des Christentums durch die Politik? Das Beispiel Nordirland, Una Sancta, 50, 1995, p141 - 150
John D'Arcy May, 'Rights of the Earth' and 'Care for the Earth': Two Paradigms for a Buddhist-Christian Ecological Ethic, Horizons: The Journal of the College Theological Society, 21, 1994, p48 - 61
John D'Arcy May, What Do Socially Engaged Buddhists and Christian Liberation Theologians Have to Say to One Another?, Dialogue, 21, 1994, p1 - 18
Menschenrecte als Landrechte im Pazifik: Vier Fallstudien in, editor(s)Johannes Hoffmann , Universale Menschenrechte im Widerspruch der Kulturen. Das eine Menschenrecht fuer alle und die vielen Lebensformen, Bd. II, Frankfurt, IKO-Verlag fuer Interkulturelle Kommunikation, 1994, pp213 - 237, [John D'Arcy May]
Australien I: Allgemeine Einfuehrung; III. Kirchengeschichte; IV. Kirche und Theologie in der Gegenwart; V. Theologie und Theologen in Australien; VI. Statistik, Lexikon fuer Theologie und Kirche, Freiburg, Herder, 1994, pp1273 - 1284, [John D'Arcy May]
John D'Arcy May, Human Rights as Land Rights in the Pacific, Pacifica: Australian Theological Studies, 6, 1993, p61 - 80
Is Interfaith Dialogue Undermining Interchurch Dialogue? in, editor(s)Oliver Rafferty SJ , Reconciliation: Essays in Honour of Michael Hurley, Dublin, Columba Press, 1993, pp159 - 175, [John D'Arcy May]
The Trinity in Melanesia: The Understanding of the Christian God in a Pacific Culture in, editor(s)James Byrne , The Christian Understanding of God Today. Theological Colloquium on the Occasion of the 400th Anniversary of Trinity College, Dublin, Dublin, Columba Press, 1993, pp154 - 165, [John D'Arcy May]
Australien VI. Kultur, Religion, Bildung, Staatslexikon, Freiburg-Basel-Wien, Herder, 1993, pp838 - 840, [John D'Arcy May]
Is Interfaith Dialogue Undermining Ingterchurch Dialogue? in, editor(s)Oliver Rafferty SJ , Reconciliation: Essays in Honour of Michael Hurley, Dublin, Columba Press, 1993, pp159 - 175, [John D'Arcy May]
Papua-Neuguinea, Evangelisches Kirchenlexikon, III, Goettingen, Vandenhoeck und Ruprecht, 1991, pp1035 - 1037, [John D'Arcy May]
Synkretismus oder Synthese? Eine antizipatorische Skizze des religioesen Wandels im Pazifik in, editor(s)Hermann Pius Siller , Suchbewegungen. Synkretismus - kulturelle Identitaet und kirchliches Bekenntnis, Darmstadt, Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, 1991, pp185 - 192, [John D'Arcy May]
John D'Arcy May, Syncretism or Synthesis? An Anticipatory Sketch of Religious Change in the Pacific, South Pacific Journal of Mission Studies, 1, (4), 1991, p18 - 21
John D'Arcy May, Christus Initiator. Theologie im Pazifik, Duesseldorf, Patmos, 1990, 151pp
John D'Arcy May, Political Ecumenism: Church Structures and the Political Process, Studies, 79, 1990, p396 - 405
John D'Arcy May, Oekumene im Uebergang. Gedanken zur Grundlegung oekumenischer Theorie und Praxis aus westkirchlicher Sicht, Una Sancta, 45, 1990, p274 - 280
Bernard Narokobi, Lo bilong Yumi Yet: Law and Custom in Melanesia, Goroka, PNG; Suva, Fiji, The Melanesian Institute; University of the South Pacific, 1989, 173pp
John D'Arcy May, Living Theology in Melanesia: A Reader, Goroka, PNG, The Melanesian Institute, 1985, 310pp
John D'Arcy May, Meaning, Consensus and Dialogue in Buddhist-Christian Communication: A Study in the Construction of Meaning, Berne-Frankfurt-New York, Peter Lang, 1984, 348pp
Non-Peer-Reviewed Publications
John D'Arcy May, Converging Ways? Conversion and Belonging in Buddhism and Christianity, St Ottilien, Germany, EOS Verlag, 2007, 206 pp.pp
John D'Arcy May, Muslims in the Free Society, Doctrine and Life, 56, (6), 2006, p22 - 28
John D'Arcy May, "Muslims in the Free Society", Doctrine and Life, 56, (6), 2006, p22 - 28
On Trying to Be a Theologian in, editor(s)Gesa E. Thiessen, Declan Marmion , Theology in the Making: Biography, Contexts, Methods, Dublin, Veritas, 2005, pp112 - 120, [John D'Arcy May]
The Space In Between: Mission as Reconciliation in, editor(s)Geraldine Smyth OP , Distance Becomes Communion: A Dominican Symposium on Mission and Hope, Dublin, Dominican Publications, 2004, pp76 - 87, [John D'Arcy May]
John D'Arcy May, A Catholic Theology of Religious Pluralism: The Recent Work of Jacques Dupuis SJ, Priests and People, 18, (1), 2004, p28 - 30
John D'Arcy May, Visible Unity as Realised Catholicity, Swedish Missiological Themes, 92, (1), 2004, p55 - 61
John D'Arcy May, Loving Nothingness? Possibilities of Prayer in Buddhism and Christianity, Swedish Missiological Themes, 92, (3), 2004, p371 - 381
John D'Arcy May, The Elusive Other: Recent Theological Writing on Religious Pluralism, Studies in Interreligious Dialogue, 13, (1), 2003, p114 - 124
John D'Arcy May, Living Buddha, Living Christ? Interreligious Dialogue and the Crisis of Christology, South Pacific Journal of Mission Studies, (26), 2002, p25 - 31
John D'Arcy May, Der Osten des Westens. Europa vor der Herausforderung des interreligioesen Dialogs, Ost-West. Europaeische Perspektiven, 3, 2002, p243 - 253
John D'Arcy May, Ethic of Survival or Vision of Hope? The Aim of Interreligious Dialogue, Dharma World, 29, 2002, p25 - 28
Research Expertise
Description
After completing a study of how Buddhist and Christian traditions have interacted with indigenous or 'primal' religions in the Asia-Pacific (Aboriginal Australia, Melanesia, Thailand, Japan), in particular how these 'universalist' religions were not immune to complicity in violence, I have been developing two lines of enquiry: 1. A re-thinking of the ecumenical perspective in a broader sense, showing how the 'globalisation of ethics' through the religious traditions, whether transcendent-universal or ethnic-local, can lead to an ethical globalisation, involving among other things an expansion of the concept of human rights to embrace community and ecological responsibility; 2. Exploring the possibility of 'collaborative theology' in which Buddhist and Christian thinkers would engage with one another, such that religious symbolisations of transcendence, in particular Buddhist conceptions of Absolute Nothingness and Dynamic Emptiness, would correlate with Christian theistic attempts to ground ethics in a transcendental commitment which takes account of history and creation.Projects
- Title
- Thinking God in Europe Today
- Summary
- Three 10-day conferences studied Naming and Thinking God in Europe Today (Vienna, 2003), Postcolonial Europe in the Crucible of Cultures: Empowering God in a World of Conflict (Leuven, 2004); and Translating God(s): Thinking the Divine in Interreligious Encounter (Paris, 2005).
- Funding Agency
- European Union, participating universities
- Date From
- 2003
- Date To
- 2005
- Title
- Theologie Interkulturell
- Summary
- The project carries on intercultural dialogue between European and non-European theologies by inviting a visiting professor from a cultural context outside Western Europe for a series of lectures and seminars, in the course of which an interdisciplinary symposium is held (I was the visiting professor in 1988, lecturing on Theology in the Pacific).
- Funding Agency
- University of Frankfurt and external donors
- Date From
- 1976
- Date To
- ongoing
- Title
- European Society for Intercultural Theology and Interreligious Studies (ESITIS)
- Summary
- The project aims to stimulate research and publication in religious aspects of multiculturalism in Europe and beyond.
- Funding Agency
- Not yet determined
- Date From
- 2006
Recognition
Representations
Acting Director, Irish School of Ecumenics Adjunct Professor, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, 2009-2011
Adjunct Professor, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne
Awards and Honours
Elected Fellow of Trinity College Dublin
Memberships
British and Irish Association for Mission Studies (BIAMS)
International Association for Mission Studies (IAMS)
American Academy of Religion (AAR)
Three Faith Forum, Ireland
Irish Council of Christians and Jews
International Advisor, Society for Buddhist-Christian Studies (SBCS)
Board member,European Network for Buddhist-Christian Studies
Australian Association for the Study of Religion (AASR)
Advisory Board, Centre for Intercultural Ethics, University of Tilburg, Netherlands
President, European Network of Buddhist-Christian Studies