Dr. Christine Mc Garrigle
Senior Research Fellow/Social Epidemiolo, Medical Gerontology

McGarrigle CA, Ward M, Kenny RA., An investigation of what protective individual- and community-level factors are associated with life satisfaction in middle-aged and older family carers in Ireland., Frontiers in public health, 11, 2023, p1207523 Journal Article, 2023 DOI

Ward M, Briggs R, McGarrigle CA, De Looze C, O'Halloran AM, Kenny RA., The bi-directional association between loneliness and depression among older adults from before to during the COVID-19 pandemic., International journal of geriatric psychiatry, 38, (1), 2023, pe5856 Journal Article, 2023 DOI

Orr J, Kenny RA, McGarrigle CA., Religiosity and Quality of Life in Older Christian Women in Ireland: A Mixed Methods Analysis., Journal of religion and health, 61, (4), 2022, p2927 - 2944 Journal Article, 2022 DOI

O'Connor DMA, Scarlett S, De Looze C, O'Halloran AM, Laird E, Molloy AM, Clarke R, McGarrigle CA, Kenny RA., Low folate predicts accelerated cognitive decline: 8-year follow-up of 3140 older adults in Ireland., European journal of clinical nutrition, 76, (7), 2022, p950 - 957 Journal Article, 2022 DOI

Donoghue OA, O'Shea M, McGarrigle CA, Lang D, Hoey C, Whitty H, O'Shea D, Kenny RA., Translating Frailty Assessment Methodologies and Research-based Evidence to Clinical Education and Practice., Journal of aging & social policy, 34 , (4), 2022, p537 Journal Article, 2022 DOI

McGarrigle CA, Ward M, Kenny RA., Negative aging perceptions and cognitive and functional decline: Are you as old as you feel?, Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 70, (3), 2022, p777 - 788 Journal Article, 2022 DOI

McGarrigle CA, Ward M, De Looze C, O'Halloran A, Kenny RA., Caring in the time of COVID-19, longitudinal trends in well-being and mental health in carers in Ireland: Evidence from the Irish Longitudinal Study on Ageing (TILDA)., Archives of gerontology and geriatrics, 102, 2022, p104719 Journal Article, 2022 DOI

Mark Ward, Christine McGarrigle, Daniel Carey, Rose Anne Kenny, Social Capital and Quality of Life among Urban and Rural Older Adults. Quantitative Findings from the Irish Longitudinal Study on Ageing, Applied Research in Quality of Life, 16, 2021, p1399 - 1415 Journal Article, 2021 DOI

Aisling M. O'Halloran, Peter Hartley, David Moloney, Christine McGarrigle, Rose Anne Kenny, Roman Romero-Ortuno, Informing patterns of health and social care utilisation in Irish older people according to the Clinical Frailty Scale, HRB Open Research, 2021 Journal Article, 2021 DOI

Orr, Joanna; Ward, Mark; Kenny, Rose Anne; McGarrigle, Christine Ann, Mini-mental state examination trajectories after age 50 by religious affiliation and practice in Ireland, European Journal of Ageing, 18, (4), 2021, p56- Journal Article, 2021 DOI

Dominic Quinn, David Byrne, Tom Fahey, Rose Anne Kenny, Christine McGarrigle, Emma Wallace, Fiona Boland, Overuse and underuse of cardiovascular diagnostic and therapeutic procedures for community-dwelling adults: a protocol for a systematic review, HRB Open Research, 4, 2021, p99 Journal Article, 2021 DOI

Ward M, Clarke N, Wang M, McGarrigle, CA, De Looze C., O'Halloran A., Kenny RA., Study protocol for TILDA COVID-19 survey. Altered lives in a time of crisis: preparing for recovery from the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the lives of older adults [version 1; peer review: 1 approved], HRB Open Research, 4:51, 2021 Journal Article, 2021 DOI

Orr J, Kenny RA, McGarrigle CA., Higher parity is associated with lower mortality in a European population of women with high fertility: results from Ireland., The journals of gerontology. Series A, Biological sciences and medical sciences, 76, (9), 2021, p1571 - 1578 Journal Article, 2021 DOI

Quinn D, Byrne D, Fahey T, Kenny RA, McGarrigle C, Wallace E, Boland F., Overuse and underuse of cardiovascular diagnostic and therapeutic procedures for community-dwelling adults: a protocol for a systematic review. [version 1; peer review: 2 approved], HRB Open Res , 4, 2021, p99 Journal Article, 2021 DOI

McGarrigle, C., Donoghue, O.A., Orr, J., Kenny, R.A., Gender-Specific Determinants of Instrumental Activities and Associations With Cognitive Decline in TILDA, Innov Aging, The GSA 2020 Annual Scientific Meeting, 4-7 November 2020, 4(Suppl 1), 2020, pp663 - 664 Oral Presentation, 2020

Cadar D, De Looze C, McGarrigle C, Cardiovascular Health, Functional Disability, and Leisure Activities Profiles in Relation to Mental Aging, Innovation in aging, 2020 Journal Article, 2020

Ward, M., McGarrigle, C.A., Carey, D., Kenny, R.A., Correction to: Social Capital and Quality of Life among Urban and Rural Older Adults. Quantitative Findings from the Irish Longitudinal Study on Ageing (Applied Research in Quality of Life, (2020), 10.1007/s11482-020-09820-7), Applied Research in Quality of Life, 2020 Journal Article, 2020

May P, Roe L, McGarrigle CA, Kenny RA, Normand C., End-of-life experience for older adults in Ireland: results from the Irish longitudinal study on ageing (TILDA)., BMC health services research, 20, (1), 2020, p118 Journal Article, 2020 DOI

Orr J, Kenny RA, McGarrigle CA., Longitudinal Associations of Religiosity and Physical Function in Older Irish Adults., Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 68, (9), 2020, p1998 - 2005 Journal Article, 2020 DOI

Brown, P, Margaret O'Mahony (member of Relish consortium), Zhou, Y., Large expert-curated database for benchmarking document similarity detection in biomedical literature search , Database, The Journal of Biological Databases and Curation, 2019, baz085, 2019, p1 - 66 Journal Article, 2019 URL TARA - Full Text

Orr, J., McGarrigle, C., Kenny, R.A., Hogan, L., 177 Religious Participation and Health in a Changing Ireland. A Qualitative Exploration of Women Aged 65 and Over, Age & Ageing, 67th Annual & Scientific Meeting of the Irish Gerontological Society, Innovation, Advances and Excellence in Ageing, , Cork, Ireland, 26-28 September 2019, 48 (Suppl 3), Oxford Academic, 2019, ppiii17 - iii65 Oral Presentation, 2019 DOI

Bhuachalla BN, McGarrigle CA, O'Leary N, Akuffo KO, Peto T, Beatty S, Kenny RA., Orthostatic blood pressure variability is associated with lower visual contrast sensitivity function: Findings from the Irish Longitudinal Study on Aging., Experimental gerontology, 119, 2019, p14 - 24 Journal Article, 2019 DOI

Orr J., Tobin K., Carey D., Kenny R.A., McGarrigle C., Religious Attendance, Religious Importance, and the Pathways to Depressive Symptoms in Men and Women Aged 50 and Over Living in Ireland, Research on Aging, 41, (9), 2019, p891 - 911 Journal Article, 2019 DOI

Donoghue O.A., McGarrigle C.A., Kenny R.A., Who's in the driver's seat? Impact on social participation and psychosocial wellbeing in adults aged 50 and over, Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour, 64, 2019, p522 - 531 Journal Article, 2019 DOI

Donoghue, O., McGarrigle, C., Kenny, R.A., 109 Impact of Transport Mode on Psychosocial Wellbeing in Community-dwelling Adults Aged ≥50 years: Results from TILDA, Age & Ageing, 67th Annual & Scientific Meeting of the Irish Gerontological Society, Innovation, Advances and Excellence in Ageing, , Clayton Hotel Silver Springs, Cork , 26-28 September 2019, 48 (Suppl 3), Oxford Academic, 2019, ppiii17 - iii65 Oral Presentation, 2019

Encyclopedia of Gerontology and Population Aging in, editor(s)Gu D., Dupre M. , The Irish Longitudinal Study on Ageing, Switzerland , Springer, Cham, 2019, [Donoghue O.A., McGarrigle C.A., Kenny R.A.] Book Chapter, 2019 DOI

Curran E, Rosato M, Cooper J, Mc Garrigle CA, Leavey G., Symptom profiles of late-life anxiety and depression: The influence of migration, religion and loneliness., Depression and anxiety, 36, 2019, p824 - 833 Journal Article, 2019 DOI

Bhuachalla BN, McGarrigle CA, O'Leary N, Akuffo KO, Peto T, Beatty S, Kenny RA., Orthostatic hypertension as a risk factor for age-related macular degeneration: Evidence from the Irish longitudinal study on ageing., Experimental gerontology, 106, 2018, p80 - 87 Journal Article, 2018 DOI

Donoghue OA, McGarrigle CA, Foley M, Fagan A, Meaney J, Kenny RA., Cohort Profile Update: The Irish Longitudinal Study on Ageing (TILDA)., International Journal of Epidemiology, 2018, p1398-1398 Journal Article, 2018 DOI

McGarrigle, C., Timonen, V. and Layte, R., Choice and Constraint in the Negotiation of the Grandparent Role: A Mixed-Methods Study, Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, 2018, 4:23337214 Journal Article, 2018 DOI

Wallace E, Moriarty F, McGarrigle C, Smith SM, Kenny RA, Fahey T., Self-report versus electronic medical record recorded healthcare utilisation in older community-dwelling adults: Comparison of two prospective cohort studies., PloS one, 13, (10), 2018, pe0206201 Journal Article, 2018 DOI TARA - Full Text

McGarrigle CA, Leahy S, Kenny RA, OP85 Investigating the health of older carers within different social care systems in Ireland and England: evidence from The Irish Longitudinal Study on Ageing (TILDA) and the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing (ELSA) , Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, Society for Social Medicine 62nd Annual Scientific Meeting, MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, 5-7 September 2018, 72 (Suppl 1), BMJ, 2018, ppA41 Oral Presentation, 2018 DOI

Ward M, McGarrigle CA, Kenny RA., More than health: quality of life trajectories among older adults-findings from The Irish Longitudinal Study of Ageing (TILDA)., Quality of life research : an international journal of quality of life aspects of treatment, care and rehabilitation, 2018 Journal Article, 2018 DOI

Orr J, Tobin K, Kenny RA, McGarrigle CA. , 157Change in Religious Affiliation in Middle Aged and Older Adults in Ireland. What are the Implications for Health? , Age and Ageing, 65th Annual and Scientific Meeting of the Irish Gerontological Society, Wexford, Ireland, 29-30 September 2017, 46, (Suppl 3), 2017, ppiii13 - iii59 Oral Presentation, 2017 DOI

Donnelly NA, McGarrigle CA, Hickey A, Doyle F., Re-evaluating the relationship between carer stress and institutional care utilisation, Innovation in Aging, 2017 Poster, 2017 DOI

McGarrigle CA, Leahy S, Kenny RA., Investigating the risk and future needs of older carers in Ireland and England: TILDA and ELSA. , Innovation in Aging, 2017 Poster, 2017 DOI

Leahy S, McGarrigle C, Carey D, Kenny RA., OP71 The effect of longitudinal changes in physical and mental health on continuing social participation in older Irish adults: analysis from the Irish Longitudinal Study on Ageing , Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 71 , (Suppl 1), 2017, ppA35 - A36 Oral Presentation, 2017 DOI

Orr J, Tobin K, Kenny RA, McGarrigle C., OP72 Religious attendance, loneliness and depressive symptoms in middle aged and older women in Ireland, Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 46, (Suppl 3), 2017, ppA36- Oral Presentation, 2017 DOI

O'Connor D, Leahy S, McGarrigle CA, Kenny RA, A comparison of the prevalence of IDF- and ATPIII- defined metabolic syndrome in adults aged 50 and over in Ireland: findings from TILDA , Proceedings of Nutrition Society , 11-14 July 2016, 75, 2016, ppE209 - Published Abstract, 2016 DOI

Ní Bhuachalla B, McGarrigle CA, Kenny RA, Neurocardiovascular instability may modulate end-organ damage: A review of this hypothesis investigating the eye and manifestations of NCVI., Medical Hypotheses, 85, (5), 2015, p594 - 602 Journal Article, 2015 DOI

Ní Bhuachalla B, McGarrigle CA, Akuffo KO, Peto T, Beatty S, Kenny RA., Phenotypes of orthostatic blood pressure behaviour and association with visual acuity., Clinical Autonomic Research, 25, (6), 2015, p373 - 381 Journal Article, 2015 DOI

McGarrigle CA, Layte R, OP46 The role of social support and the importance of the quality of the relationship in reducing depression, loneliness and reduced quality of life with disability in older ages; evidence from the irish longitudinal study on ageing, J Epidemiol Community Health , Society for Social Medicine 59th Annual Scientific Meeting , University College Dublin, 2-4 September 2015, 69, (Suppl 1), 2015, ppA29 Oral Presentation, 2015 DOI

Hayakawa T, McGarrigle CA, Coen RF, Soraghan CJ, Foran T, Lawlor BA, Kenny RA, Orthostatic Blood Pressure Behavior in People with Mild Cognitive Impairment Predicts Conversion to Dementia., Journal of American Geriatric Society, 63, (9), 2015, p1868 - 1873 Journal Article, 2015 DOI

McGarrigle CA, McCrory C, Kenny RA, PL01 The impact of caring for spouses on mental health and health behaviours in over 50s in Ireland, the Irish Longitudinal Study on Ageing , J Epidemiol Community Health, Society for Social Medicine 58th Annual Scientific Meeting, Hosted by the Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford Keble College, Oxford , 10-12 September 2014, 68, (Suppl 1), 2014, 3 - 79 Oral Presentation, 2014 DOI

McGarrigle, C. A., Cronin, H., & Kenny, R. A., The impact of being the intermediate caring generation and intergenerational transfers on self-reported health of women in Ireland. , International Journal of Public Health, 59, (2), 2014, p301-308 Journal Article, 2014 DOI TARA - Full Text

NiBhuachalla B, McGarrigle C, Kenny RA, Is neurocardiovascular instability associated with impaired objective visual function?, Age and Ageing, British Geriatrics Society Communications to the Autumn Meeting , Yorkshire, 20-23 November 2013, 43, (Suppl 1), 2014, ppi23 - i24 Published Abstract, 2014 DOI

McGarrigle CA, Cronin H, Kenny RA, The impact of being the intermediate caring generation on self-reported health of older women in ireland. Analysis of the Irish longitudinal study on ageing (TILDA 2010)., Age and Ageing, Communications to the British Geriatrics Society Autumn Meeting , Harrogate, 28-30 November 2012, 42, (Suppl 2), 2013, ppii18 - ii19 Poster, 2013 DOI

NiBhuachalla B, McGarrigle C, Kenny RA, An investigation of the relationship between Neuro-cardiovascular Instability and Vision., Ir J Med Sci, IGS 2013 Annual and Scientific Conference, Croke Park Dublin, 20-22 September 2013, 182, (Suppl 6), 2013, ppS179 - S296 Published Abstract, 2013 DOI

McGarrigle CA, Hayakawa T, Lawlor BA, Kenny RA., Orthostatic blood pressure behaviour in people with mild cognitive impairment: does it predict conversion to dementia?, Age and Ageing, British Geriatrics Society Communications to the Spring Meeting, Belfast, 17th-19th April 2013, 42, (suppl 3), 2013, ppiii21- Poster, 2013 DOI

McGarrigle CA, Cronin H, Kenny RA., The impact of being the intermediate caring generation on self-reported health of older women in Ireland. Analysis of the Irish longitudinal study of ageing (TILDA) , Ir J Med Sci, 60th Annual Scientific Meeting of the Irish Gerontological Society. , Cork, Ireland, September 14-15, 201, 181, (Suppl 7), 2012, ppS215 - S299 Oral Presentation, 2012 DOI

Methodology in, editor(s)Grenfell, M , Pierre Bourdieu: Key Concepts, Durham, Acumen, 2012, pp213 - 228, [Grenfell, M ] Book Chapter, 2012

Macdonald N, Elam G, Hickson F, Imrie J, McGarrigle CA, Fenton KA, Baster K, Ward H, Gilbart VL, Power RM, Evans BG, Factors associated with HIV seroconversion in gay men in England at the start of the 21st century., Sexually transmitted infections, 84, (1), 2008, p8-13 Journal Article, 2008

Elam G, Macdonald N, Hickson FC, Imrie J, Power R, McGarrigle CA, Fenton KA, Gilbart VL, Ward H, Evans BG, Risky sexual behaviour in context: qualitative results from an investigation into risk factors for seroconversion among gay men who test for HIV., Sexually transmitted infections, 84, (6), 2008, p473-7 Journal Article, 2008

Goubar, A., Ades, A.E., De Angelis, D., McGarrigle, C.A., Mercer, C.H., Tookey, P.A., Fenton, K., Gill, O.N., Estimates of human immunodeficiency virus prevalence and proportion diagnosed based on Bayesian multiparameter synthesis of surveillance data, Journal of the Royal Statistical Society. Series A: Statistics in Society, 171, (3), 2008, p541-580 Journal Article, 2008

Sadler KE, McGarrigle CA, Elam G, Ssanyu-Sseruma W, Davidson O, Nichols T, Mercey D, Parry JV, Fenton KA, Sexual behaviour and HIV infection in black-Africans in England: results from the Mayisha II survey of sexual attitudes and lifestyles., Sexually transmitted infections, 83, (7), 2007, p523-9 Journal Article, 2007

Sadler KE, McGarrigle CA, Elam G, Ssanyu-Sseruma W, Othieno G, Davidson O, Mercey D, Parry JV, Fenton KA, Mayisha II: pilot of a community-based survey of sexual attitudes and lifestyles and anonymous HIV testing within African communities in London., AIDS care, 18, (4), 2006, p398-403 Journal Article, 2006

McGarrigle CA, Cliffe S, Copas AJ, Mercer CH, DeAngelis D, Fenton KA, Evans BG, Johnson AM, Gill ON, Estimating adult HIV prevalence in the UK in 2003: the direct method of estimation., Sexually transmitted infections, 82 Suppl 3, 2006, piii78-86 Journal Article, 2006

McGarrigle CA, Mercer CH, Fenton KA, Copas AJ, Wellings K, Erens B, Johnson AM, Investigating the relationship between HIV testing and risk behaviour in Britain: National Survey of Sexual Attitudes and Lifestyles 2000., AIDS (London, England), 19, (1), 2005, p77-84 Journal Article, 2005

Brown AE, Sadler KE, Tomkins SE, McGarrigle CA, LaMontagne DS, Goldberg D, Tookey PA, Smyth B, Thomas D, Murphy G, Parry JV, Evans BG, Gill ON, Ncube F, Fenton KA, Recent trends in HIV and other STIs in the United Kingdom: data to the end of 2002., Sexually transmitted infections, 80, (3), 2004, p159-66 Journal Article, 2004

Kangas I, Andersen B, McGarrigle CA, ØStergaard L, A comparison of sexual behaviour and attitudes of healthy adolescents in a Danish high school in 1982, 1996, and 2001., Population health metrics, 2, (1), 2004, p5 Journal Article, 2004

Macdonald N, Dougan S, McGarrigle CA, Baster K, Rice BD, Evans BG, Fenton KA, Recent trends in diagnoses of HIV and other sexually transmitted infections in England and Wales among men who have sex with men., Sexually transmitted infections, 80, (6), 2004, p492-7 Journal Article, 2004

Chadborn TR, McGarrigle CA, Waight PA, Fenton KA, Trends in, and determinants of, HIV testing at genitourinary medicine clinics and general practice in England, 1990-2000., Sexually transmitted infections, 80, (2), 2004, p145-50 Journal Article, 2004

Balogun MA, Ramsay ME, Parry JV, Donovan L, Andrews NJ, Newham JA, McGarrigle C, Harris KA, Teo CG, A national survey of genitourinary medicine clinic attenders provides little evidence of sexual transmission of hepatitis C virus infection., Sexually transmitted infections, 79, (4), 2003, p301-6 Journal Article, 2003

McGarrigle CA, Fenton KA, Gill ON, Hughes G, Morgan D, Evans B, Behavioural surveillance: the value of national coordination., Sexually transmitted infections, 78, (6), 2002, p398-405 Journal Article, 2002

Parry JV, Murphy G, Barlow KL, Lewis K, Rogers PA, Belda FJ, Nicoll A, McGarrigle C, Cliffe S, Mortimer PP, Clewley JP, National surveillance of HIV-1 subtypes for England and Wales: design, methods, and initial findings., Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999), 26, (4), 2001, p381-8 Journal Article, 2001

Catchpole MA, McGarrigle CA, Rogers PA, Jordan LF, Mercey D, Gill ON, Serosurveillance of prevalence of undiagnosed HIV-1 infection in homosexual men with acute sexually transmitted infection., BMJ (Clinical research ed.), 321, (7272), 2000, p1319-20 Journal Article, 2000

Cliffe S, Mortimer J, McGarrigle C, Boisson E, Parry JV, Turner A, Mithal J, Goldberg D, Nicoll A, Surveillance for the impact in the UK of HIV epidemics in South Asia., Ethnicity & health, 4, (1-2), 2000, p5-18 Journal Article, 2000

UK HIV testing practice: by how much might the infection diagnosis rate increase through normalisation? in, editor(s)Jean-Paul Moatti, Yves Souteyrand, Annick Prieur, Theo Sandfort and Peter Aggleton , AIDS in Europe. New challanges for the social sciences, London, Routledge, 2000, pp223 - 233, [McGarrigle CA, ON Gill] Book Chapter, 2000

Simms I, Rogers P, Catchpole M, McGarrigle CA, Nicoll A, Trends in undiagnosed HIV-1 infection among attenders at genitourinary medicine clinics, England, Wales, and Northern Ireland: 1990-6., Sexually transmitted infections, 75, (5), 1999, p332-6 Journal Article, 1999

Nicoll A, McGarrigle C, Brady AR, Ades AE, Tookey P, Duong T, Mortimer J, Cliffe S, Goldberg D, Tappin D, Hudson C, Peckham C, Epidemiology and detection of HIV-1 among pregnant women in the United Kingdom: results from national surveillance 1988-96., BMJ (Clinical research ed.), 316, (7127), 1998, p253-8 Journal Article, 1998

McGarrigle CA, Nicoll A, Prevalence of HIV-1 among attenders at sexually transmitted disease clinics: analyses according to country of birth., Sexually transmitted infections, 74, (6), 1998, p415-20 Journal Article, 1998

McGarrigle C, Gilbart V, Nicoll A., AIDS and HIV infection acquired heterosexually., Communicable Disease Report CDR Review, 7, (9), 1997, pR125 - 128 Journal Article, 1997

Connor N, Catchpole M, Rogers PA, Macdonald N, Mc Garrigle C, Simms I, Radcliffe L, Gilbart V, , Sexually transmitted diseases among teenagers in England and Wales., Communicable Disease Report Review, 7, (12), 1997, pR173 - 178 Journal Article, 1997

Swan AV, Nicoll A, McGarrigle C, Noone A, Gill ON, An investigation assessing the fraction of human immunodeficiency virus infection attributable to ethnic group variations in risk., International journal of epidemiology, 24 Suppl 1, 1995, pS15-20 Journal Article, 1995

Nicoll A, Hutchinson E, Soldan K, McGarrigle C, Parry JV, Newham J, Mahoney A, Nicholas S, Heptonstall J, Gill ON, Survey of human immunodeficiency virus infection among pregnant women in England and Wales: 1990-93., Communicable Disease Report. CDR review, 4, (10), 1994, pR115-20 Journal Article, 1994

Nicoll A, McGarrigle C, Heptonstall J, Parry J, Mahoney A, Nicholas S, Hutchinson E, Gill ON, Prevalence of HIV infection in pregnant women in London and elsewhere in England., BMJ (Clinical research ed.), 309, (6951), 1994, p376-7 Journal Article, 1994

Evans, B.G., Catchpole, M.A., Heptonstall, J., Mortimer, J.Y., McGarrigle, C.A., Nicoll, A.G., Waight, P., Gill, O.N., Swan, A.V., Sexually transmitted diseases and HIV-1 infection among homosexual men in England and Wales, British Medical Journal, 306, (6875), 1993, p426-428 Journal Article, 1993

Evans B, Gill N, McGarrigle C, Macdonald N., Sexually transmitted diseases and HIV infection among homosexual men, British Medical Journal, 306, (6880), 1993, p792- Journal Article, 1993

McGarrigle C, Parry J, Nicoll A, Measuring HIV-1 seroprevalence among English newborns: blood spot size, American Journal of Public Health, 83, (12), 1993, p1792- Journal Article, 1993