Dr. Michael Stock

• Stock M.J., Taylor R.N., Gernon T.M., Triggering of major eruptions recorded by actively forming cumulates, Scientific Reports, 2, 2012Journal Article, 2012, DOI
• James R.H., Green D.R.H., Stock M.J., Alker B.J., Banerjee N.R., Cole C., German C.R., Huvenne V.A.I., Powell A.M., Connelly D.P., Composition of hydrothermal fluids and mineralogy of associated chimney material on the East Scotia Ridge back-arc spreading centre, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 139, 2014, p47 - 71, p47-71Journal Article, 2014, DOI
• Scott J.A.J., Humphreys M.C.S., Mather T.A., Pyle D.M., Stock M.J., Insights into the behaviour of S, F, and Cl at Santiaguito Volcano, Guatemala, from apatite and glass, Lithos, 232, 2015, p375 - 394, p375-394Journal Article, 2015, DOI
• Stock M.J., Humphreys M.C.S., Smith V.C., Isaia R., Pyle D.M., Late-stage volatile saturation as a potential trigger for explosive volcanic eruptions, Nature Geoscience, 9, (3), 2016, p249 - 254, p249-254Journal Article, 2016, DOI
• Gleeson M.L.M., Stock M.J., Pyle D.M., Mather T.A., Hutchison W., Yirgu G., Wade J., Constraining magma storage conditions at a restless volcano in the Main Ethiopian Rift using phase equilibria models, Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 337, 2017, p44 - 61, p44-61Journal Article, 2017, DOI
• Stock M.J., Humphreys M.C.S., Smith V.C., Isaia R., Brooker R.A., Pyle D.M., Tracking volatile behaviour in sub-volcanic plumbing systems using apatite and glass: Insights into pre-eruptive processes at Campi Flegrei, Italy, Journal of Petrology, 59, (12), 2018, p2463 - 2492, p2463-2492Journal Article, 2018, DOI
• Astbury R.L., Petrelli M., Ubide T., Stock M.J., Arienzo I., D'Antonio M., Perugini D., Tracking plumbing system dynamics at the Campi Flegrei caldera, Italy: High-resolution trace element mapping of the Astroni crystal cargo, Lithos, 318-319, 2018, p464 - 477, p464-477Journal Article, 2018, DOI
• Stock M.J., Bagnardi M., Neave D.A., Maclennan J., Bernard B., Buisman I., Gleeson M.L.M., Geist D., Integrated Petrological and Geophysical Constraints on Magma System Architecture in the Western Galápagos Archipelago: Insights From Wolf Volcano, Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, 19, (12), 2018, p4722 - 4743, p4722-4743Journal Article, 2018, DOI
• Stock M.J., Humphreys M.C.S., Smith V.C., Johnson R.D., Pyle D.M., New constraints on electron-beam induced halogen migration in apatite, American Mineralogist, 100, (1), 2015, p281 - 293, p281-293Journal Article, 2015, DOI
• Woods A.W., Stock M.J., Some fluid mechanical constraints on crystallization and recharge within sills, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, 377, (2139), 2019Journal Article, 2019, DOI
• Campbell L.S., Giordano G., Stock M.J., Langella A., Bish D.L., Gatta G.D., Reconstruction of residual melts from the zeolitized explosive products of alkaline-mafic volcanoes, American Mineralogist, 104, (1), 2019, p2 - 16, p2-16Journal Article, 2019, DOI
• Holness M.B., Stock M.J., Geist D., Magma chambers versus mush zones: Constraining the architecture of sub-volcanic plumbing systems from microstructural analysis of crystalline enclaves, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, 377, (2139), 2019Journal Article, 2019, DOI
• Bernard B., Stock M.J., Coppola D., Hidalgo S., Bagnardi M., Gibson S., Hernandez S., Ramon P., Gleeson M., Chronology and phenomenology of the 1982 and 2015 Wolf volcano eruptions, Galápagos Archipelago, Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 374, 2019, p26 - 38, p26-38Journal Article, 2019, DOI
• Stock, M.J., and Wentworth, J., Evaluating UK natural hazards: the national risk assessment, POSTbrief, 31, UK Parliament, 2019Report, 2019, TARA - Full Text
• Honour V.C., Holness M.B., Stock M.J., The effect of cooling rate on immiscible silicate liquid microstructure: An example from the Palaeogene dykes of Northeast England, Mineralogical Magazine, 83, (6), 2019, p809 - 820Journal Article, 2019, DOI , TARA - Full Text
• Stock, M.J., Geist, D., Neave, D.A., Gleeson, M.L.M., Bernard, B., Howard, K.A., Buisman, I., and Maclennan, J., Cryptic evolved melts beneath monotonous basaltic shield volcanoes in the Galápagos Archipelago, Nature Communications, 11, 2020, p3767-Journal Article, 2020, DOI , TARA - Full Text
• Gleeson, M.L.M., Gibson, S.A., and Stock, M.J., Upper mantle mush zones beneath low melt flux ocean island volcanoes: insights from Isla Floreana, Galápagos, Journal of Petrology, 61, 2020, pegaa094-Journal Article, 2020, DOI
• Bell, A.F., LaFemina, P.C., Ruiz, M., Amelung, F., Bagnardi, M., Bean, C., Bernard, B., Ebinger, C., Gleeson, M., Grannell, J., Hernandez, S., Higgins, M., Liorzou, C., Lundgren, P., Meier, N., Möllhoff, M., Oliva, S-J., Ruiz, A.G., Stock, M.J., Nature Communications, Caldera resurgence during the 2018 eruption cycle of Sierra Negra volcano, Galápagos Islands, 12, 2021, p1397-Journal Article, 2021, DOI
• Gleeson, M.L.M., Gibson, S.A., Stock, M.J., and EIMF, Constraints on the behaviour and content of volatiles in Galápagos magmas from melt inclusions and nominally anhydrous minerals, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 319, (15), 2022Journal Article, 2022
• Humphreys, M.C.S., Smith, V.C., Coumans, J.P., Riker, J.M., Stock, M.J., de Hoog, C.-J., Brooker, R., Rapid pre-eruptive mush reorganisation and atmospheric volatile emissions from the 12.9 ka Laacher See eruption, determined using apatite, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 576, 2021, p117198-Journal Article, 2021
• Vukmanovic, Z., Holness, M.B., Stock, M.J., Roberts, R.J., The Creation and Evolution of Crystal Mush in the Upper Zone of the Rustenburg Layered Suite, Bushveld Complex, South Africa, Journal of Petrology, 60, (8), 2019, p1523 - 1542Journal Article, 2019, DOI
• Horn, E.L., Taylor, R.N., Gernon, T.M., Stock, M.J., and Farley, E.M.R., Compositional evidence for dynamic, transcrustal mush systems at an ocean island volcano: The 289 ka Fasnia eruption, Tenerife, Journal of Petrology, 63, (10), 2022, pegac095-Journal Article, 2022
• Brookfield, A., Cassidy, M., Popa, R-G, Bachmann, O., and Stock, M.J., Magmatic volatile content and the overpressure `sweet spot": implications for volcanic eruption triggering and style, Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 444, 2023, p107916-Journal Article, 2023
• Frontiers in Earth Science, 8, (2022), Isaia, R., Di Giuseppe, M.G., Gottsmann, J., Stock, M., and Troiano, A., [Topic Editor in Volcanology], 2 yearsJournal, 2022
• Hernández-Sánchez, M.T., Hepburn, L., Stock, M.J., Connelly, D.P., and Pancost, R.D., The microbial lipid signature in sediments and chimneys within a back-arc basin hydrothermal system south of the Antarctic Polar Front, Deep-Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers, 206, 2024, p104247-Journal Article, 2024
• Huang, W., Stock, M.J., Guyett, P.C., Liang, H., Sun, W., and Lai, C.-K., Reconstructing volatile exsolution in porphyry ore-forming magma chamber: Perspectives from apatite inclusions, American Mineralogist, 2024Journal Article, 2024
• Huang, W., Stock, M.J., Cui, Z., Xia, X.-P., Liuyun, O., Zhang, J., Chen, X., and Liang, H., Determining the impact of magma water contents on porphyry Cu fertility: constraints from hydrous and nominally anhydrous mineral analysis, GSA Bulletin, 2023Journal Article, 2023, DOI , TARA - Full Text
• Isaia, R., Di Giuseppe, M.J., Gottsmann, J., Stock, M.J., Troiano, A., Editorial: Multidisciplinary Investigations for Determining the Structure and Dynamics of Active Volcanic Systems, Frontiers in Earth Science, 10, 2022Journal Article, 2022, TARA - Full Text
• Binner, B., Wojda, P., Yunta, F., Breure, T., Schievano, A., Massaro, E., Jones, A., Newell, J., Paradelo, R., Boaj", I.P., Baltr"nait"-Gedien", E., Tuttolomondo, T., Iacuzzi, N., Bondi, G., Zupanc, V., Mamy, L., Pacini, L., De Feudis, M., Cardelli, V., Kici"ska, A., Stock, M.J., Liu, H., Demiraj, E., and Schillaci, C., A Systematic Review and Characterization of the Major and Most Studied Urban Soil Threats in the European Union, Water, Air, & Soil Pollution, 235, 2024, p494-Journal Article, 2024
• Higgins, O., and Stock, M.J., A new calibration of the OPAM thermobarometer for anhydrous and hydrous mafic systems, Journal of Petrology, 65, (5), 2024, pegae043-Journal Article, 2024
• Carter, E.J., Stock, M.J., Beresford-Browne, A., Cooper, M., Raine, R., and Fereyrolles, A., Volcanic tempo driven by rapid fluctuations in mantle temperature during large igneous province emplacement, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 2024Journal Article, 2024
• Whittaker, L.J., Stock, M.J., Smith, V.C., Mutch, E., Wieser, P., and Isaia, R., Recharge driven uplift prior to the 1538 CE Monte Nuovo eruption (Campi Flegrei): correlating historical chronicles and contemporary petrology, Geology, 2024Journal Article, 2024
• Gleeson, M., Wieser, P., DeVitre, C.L., Shi, S.C., Millet, M.-A., Muir, D.D., Stock, M.J., and Lissenberg, J., Persistent high-pressure magma storage beneath a near ridge ocean island volcano (Isla Floreana, Galápagos), Journal of Petrology, 2024Journal Article, 2024
• Chew, DM, Donelick, RA, Donelick, MB, Kamber, BS, Stock, MJ, Apatite Chlorine Concentration Measurements by LA-ICP-MS, Geostandards and Geoanalytical Research , 38, 2014, p23-35Journal Article, 2014, DOI , TARA - Full Text

• Stock, M.J., The volatile history of past volcanic eruptions, University of Oxford, 2016Thesis
• Cioni, R., Isaia, R., Sulpizio, R., de Vita, S., Di Vito, M.A., Pistolesi, M., Smith, V., Stock, M., and Talamo, P., 'The city of Napoli and its active volcanoes', Geological Field Trips and Maps, Societa Geologica Italiana, 2018, -Fieldwork collection
• Stock, M.J., Phenocryst Zoning Within Cumulate Xenoliths: An Insight Into Magma Evolution Prior to a Major Plinian Eruption on Tenerife, Canary Islands, University of Southampton, 2011Thesis

The generation, ascent and eruption of magma underpins fundamental Earth systems, and has applied implications for the formation of economic mineral deposits and the management of volcanic hazards. However, the architecture and dynamics of magmatic systems remain poorly understood due to the complexity of their physicochemical interactions and our inability to directly observe the deep Earth. My research combines state-of-the-art geochemical analyses of igneous rocks at Earth"s surface with novel thermodynamic/physical models to advance our first-order understanding of these systems. This centres around three main themes: - Constraining the magmatic processes which generate critical metal deposits, using ancient/exhumed magma chambers to understand first-order mineralising processes and develop new exploration tools. The EU is facing a major shortage of the metals required for modern technologies and I have positioned Trinity as a global leader to address this challenge. - Understanding controls on the timing/style of volcanic eruptions and how eruption triggers manifest in volcano monitoring data. This work directly impacts volcanic hazard management and I work closely with government scientists, translating my work into applied policy/monitoring improvements. - Constraining the intrinsic links between mantle, crustal and volcanic processes. I have an established programme of innovative research using basaltic volcanoes (principally Galapagos) as "natural laboratories" to interrogate the interplay between different parts of planet, constraining the fundamental development of the Earth system. I have been successful in securing grants to support this research, raising €1.1M funding within five years. This has allowed me to develop a large research group and establish Trinity as a centre of excellence in igneous petrology/geochemistry. I also founded (and direct) the ESRL " a national geochemical research facility, hosted within Trinity and funded through a €2.5M SLA. This state-of-the-art facility supplies the Government with geochemical data and has supported 50 research projects since 2020.

• Title

  Hyperspectral Analysis of the Mourne Mountains (HAMM)
  Summary

  Critical metals are a vital resource for high technologies and green energy production, but their occurrences in Ireland are poorly constrained. The Mourne Mountain Complex (MMC) is a subalkaline igneous suite prospective for critical metals, including rare earth elements (REE) and high field strength elements (HFSE). However, no detailed studies on the MMC or its critical metal occurrences exist, partly due to the complex's rugged nature. This project aims to analyse samples from the MMC using hyperspectral analyses with the Geological Survey Ireland's hyperspectral scanner and to identify the causes for the hyperspectral signatures using geochemical analyses at the Earth Surface Research Laboratory (ESRL) in TCD and the National Centre for Isotope Geochemistry (NCIG) in UCD. The results of these analyses will then be checked against remote sensing data from the ASTER data sets released by NASA with the ultimate goal of synthesising a geologic map using hyperspectral remote sensing data. The hyperspectral and geochemical databases, methodologies and techniques for ASTER data reduction, and creation of a critical metal prospectivity map for the MMC are expected to provide valuable information for future researchers and government agencies and to encourage interest by private industry for Irish critical metals.
  Funding Agency

  Geological Survey Ireland
  Date From

  23/11/2020
  Date To

  31/07/2022
• Title

  Messages from the deep: Assessing the thermal and chemical evolution of the mantle during the initiation of the North Atlantic Igneous Province
  Summary

  Continental rifting is one of the principal events which reshape the Earth's surface over timescales of hundreds of millions of years. These rifts are frequently associated with mantle plumes (upwelling areas of hot mantle) and, in combination, these two processes thin the Earth's crust and heat it, leading to prodigious magma generation. This gives rise to huge outpourings of lava at the surface, as well as associated intrusive rocks in the crust, and is known as Large Igneous Province (LIP) volcanism. This volcanism may cause major climate change due to carbon dioxide release and have been implicated in multiple mass-extinctions. Rifting of the North Atlantic during the breakup of the supercontinent Pangaea produced such a LIP, due to the influence of the mantle plume which is currently located beneath Iceland. The LIP volcanism that formed above this plume during progressive opening of the Atlantic is currently exposed in: the counties Antrim and Armagh in Northern Ireland; the islands of Rum, Mull, Eigg, Arran and the peninsula around Ardmamurchan in Scotland; the Faroe Islands; and parts of Iceland and Greenland. The Northern Irish volcanics of the Antrim Lava Group are particularly important, as they appear to be among the earliest manifestations of the LIP volcanism and relatively unpolluted by incorporation of crustal rocks during their eruption. However, they remain the least researched, with only a handful of studies in the past thirty years. This project will apply a full range of modern geochemical techniques to the Irish volcanic rocks to identify changing conditions in the mantle (e.g. temperature, melting depth and composition) during the rifting of the North Atlantic. These are not only crucial pieces of information for understanding the history of this major tectonic event in Earth history, but also how LIP volcanism develops more generally.
  Funding Agency

  IRC
  Date From

  1 October 2020
  Date To

  20 September 2022
• Title

  Earth Surface Research Laboratory
  Summary

  In 2019, Trinity College Dublin and Geological Survey Ireland launched the Earth Surface Research Laboratory (ESRL): a new national facility providing state-of-the-art chemical analyses for the geoscience community on the island of Ireland. The laboratory hosts world-class facilities for the preparation and analysis of geological and environmental samples. Ireland has a fascinating and diverse geology, formed over millions of years through the eruption of volcanoes, the opening and closing of oceans, the slow erosion of towering mountain ranges and finally, the recent glacial events that shaped our landscape. These geological processes have endowed the country with economically important mineral deposits and fertile soils which support a thriving agricultural industry. However, to fully understand Ireland's geological heritage and sustainably harness its natural resources, we need to know more than the simple distribution of different rock types - we need to know exactly what the rocks are made of, right down to individual elements. The ESRL hosts a range of advanced equipment to interrogate the geochemistry of rocks and soils. This includes two X-ray fluorescence spectrometers, which can precisely determine elemental abundances down to trace concentrations, an Hg-analyser for specifically determining the abundance of mercury in environmental samples, and an elemental analyser for quantifying organic and inorganic carbon. These instruments are housed within clean rooms to prevent contamination and are supported by expert technical staff. The laboratory supports Geological Survey Ireland's Tellus geochemical survey - a major national programme to map elemental concentrations in soils, stream sediments and stream waters across Ireland. It is also open to academic researchers, SMEs and other geological/environmental groups based on the island of Ireland in a non-commercial capacity. The facilities enhance the world-class geoscience research conducted on the island of Ireland and assist projects protecting Ireland's unique natural environment. The ESRL was recently awarded a prestigious ISO 17025:2017 Accreditation For Calibration and Testing Laboratories by the Irish National Accreditation Board (INAB). This internationally recognised certificate allows the laboratory to analyse Government samples for use in policymaking, legal cases and commodity profiling, where traceability and data quality are paramount.
  Funding Agency

  Geological Survey Ireland
  Date From

  06/12/19
  Date To

  05/12/29
• Title

  Developing a process-based understanding of platinum group element mineralisation: a natural laboratory in Ireland (Critical-Ireland)
  Summary

  Critical-Ireland aims to place fundamental new constraints on the thermodynamic and fluid mechanic processes that generate magmatic platinum group element (PGE) deposits. Due to their essential role in green technologies and concerns over supply security, PGEs constitute 'critical raw materials' which require innovative research to identify new deposits. The Palaeogene igneous intrusions in Ireland have been suggested as one of the most prospective regions for PGE mineralisation in Europe and excellent bedrock exposure, combined with new GSI Tellus data, make them an ideal natural laboratory for investigating PGE mineralising processes. Critical-Ireland will apply state-of-the-art petrographic and geochemical techniques to Palaeogene igneous complexes in Ireland, determining how the dynamics of magma assimilation impact sulphide solubility in mafic intrusions, and how country rock contamination, sulphide accumulation and PGE enrichment vary as a function of thermal and fluid dynamic regime along magma conduits. These new constraints will be used to inform the first dynamic numerical models of PGE mineralising processes, which will aid in understanding deposit formation globally. Critical-Ireland will bring together a unique international research team to place first-order constraints on magmatic processes, which will aid in securing the European PGE supply and unlocking Ireland's potential to produce critical raw materials.
  Funding Agency

  SFI
  Date From

  01/12/2021
  Date To

  30/11/2025
• Title

  Determining the impact of mush dynamics on the style of volcanic eruptions at the active Campi Flegrei caldera, Italy
  Summary

  Dynamic processes operating within crustal magma systems control the composition, style and timing of volcanic eruptions at the Earth's surface. For over a Century, our conceptual understanding of magma system architectures has centred around "magma chambers" - isolated bodies of liquid rock, hosted within the solid crust beneath a volcano. However, volcanology is currently undergoing a paradigm shift, whereby this simple model of magmatic systems is being called into question. Rather than discreet bodies, geological datasets are increasingly converging on a new "transcrustal mush zone" model of magma system architecture, where magmas are stored throughout the entire crust beneath a volcano but are largely in a solid-dominated (mush) state. Liquid melts only occupy the pore space between crystals and small melt-rich pockets (sills that are 100s m long and 10s m thick). These mush zones have different physical/chemical properties to magma chambers surrounded by solid rock, impacting the processes operating during magma ascent, and necessitating re-evaluation of our understanding of magmatic processes and eruptions triggers. Although interactions between ascending magmas and mush must affect volcanism at the Earth's surface, linking these processes is difficult due to a paucity of suitable study sites. This project will investigate interactions between ascending magmas and mush before recent eruptions of Campi Flegrei caldera (Italy). Recent Campi Flegrei eruptions have covered a diversity of styles and compositions, and the volcano has been identified as hosting a transcrustal mush-type magmatic system. Specifically, the project will: . Develop an innovative method integrating geochemical data, thermodynamic models and statistical techniques to quantify the amount of mush which has been disaggregated and incorporated into ascending magmas. . Undertake a multidisciplinary study of minerals in eruption deposits, applying geochemical and textural analyses to identify mush-derived crystals and using these to constrain the mush rheology. . Apply state-of-the-art petrological models to understand the depths and timescales of magma storage, integrating these with geophysical datasets to construct a comprehensive picture of the Campi Flegrei magmatic system. The project will have broad scientific impact, addressing major outstanding questions in our understanding of how dynamic processes within transcrustal mush zones impact the composition and style of volcanism at the Earth's surface. As Campi Flegrei is one of the most hazardous volcanoes on Earth and is showing significant signs of unrest, the project also has major societal significance; working with the INGV Vesuvius Observatory, the results will be integrated into volcano monitoring efforts, improving hazard assessment and civil protection.
  Funding Agency

  Trinity College Dublin
  Date From

  September 2021
  Date To

  September 2025

Environmental geoscience, Oceanography,

• Best Graduating Geology Student Prize, University of Southampton 2011
• D. E. Wisden Prize, University of Southampton 2009
• Bob Hunter Prize, VMSG 2015
• Progression Scholarship, University of Southampton 2009
• Progression Scholarship, University of Southampton 2010
• Sedgwick Prize, University of Cambridge 2018

• Fellow, Geological Society of London 2020
• Member, International Association of Volcanology and the Chemistry of the Earth's Interior 2020
• Fellow and Governing Body Member, Christ's College Cambridge 2019
• Member, Mineralogical Society of Great Britain and Ireland 2018
• Member, UK/Irish Volcanic and Magmatic Studies Group present
• Editorial Board Member, Irish Journal of Earth Sciences (RIA) present

• Editorial Board Member, Irish Journal of Earth Sciences (RIA) 2023-present
• External Technical Interviewer (Laboratory Manager role), The Company of Goldsmiths of Dublin/Assay Office 2024
• UK Parliamentary Academic Fellow and author of Parliamentary Policy Brief on 'Evaluating UK natural hazards: the national risk assessment' 2019
• Founder/Organiser, Dublin Magmatism Group (inter-institutional research group with DIAS and UCD) 2022-present
• Produced/processed data during on-going eruption (Fernandina Volcano, Galapagos) for use in Instituto Geofísico-Escuela Politécnica Nacional official monitoring report 2017
• Invited Member, NERC Deep Dive Working Group on Earth and Terrestrial Science Support Facilities 2022
• Expert Witness, Northern Irish Department for the Economy report on `Considering Responsible Critical Minerals (re) sourcing in Northern Ireland' 2023
• Internal PhD Examiner for Bruna Melo (DIAS-based student registered in Trinity) 2023
• Expert Witness, UK House of Lords Select Committee Enquiry on 'Risk Assessment and Risk Planning' 2020
• Expert Witness, UK Parliamentary Office of Science and Technology briefing paper 'How Government Departments make decisions on investment in risk planning' 2020
• Expert Witness, UK Parliamentary Office of Science and Technology briefing paper 'The co-ordination/communication between the departments who plan against/for hazards and the local responders' 2020
• Research grant reviewer: United States National Science Foundation, Swiss National Science Foundation, German Research Foundation, Hong Kong Research Council, institutional funding schemes (University of Iceland, Charles University Prague) 2020-present
• Session Co-convener ('Volatiles and metals in volcanic systems') and Conference Fieldtrip Leader (Carlingford and Slieve Gullion)- European Mineralogical Conference, Dublin 2024
• Journal reviewer (high-impact international publications): Nature Communications, Geology, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, Chemical Geology, Volcanica, Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, Journal of Petrology (regular reviewer) 2018-present
• Guest Editor, Frontiers in Earth Science volume on 'Multidisciplinary investigations for determining the structure and dynamics of active volcanic systems' 2021-2022