The Optimality of Loss Leading in Multi-Product Retail Pricing - A Rationale
for Repealing the 1987 Groceries Order in Ireland
JEL Classification K21
Patrick P. Walsh and Ciara Whelan
Department of Economics, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland.
Abstract
The Competition Act in 1991 repealed all legally binding Orders
in Ireland except for the 1987 Groceries Order. Article 11 of this Order
categorically prohibits retail pricing in the grocery sector below the net
invoice price of the wholesaler or manufacturer. The vast range of products
retailed through outlets and the convenience of 'one stop' shopping result in
imperfect costumer information and consumer switching costs. This enables
retailers to price below cost on Known-Value-Items (KVIs) to attract customer
entry and subsequently impose higher price-cost mark-ups on other non-KVIs, a
practice defined as loss leading. This practice was deemed to be essentially
predatory in effect by the Fair Trade Commission (FTC) in 1987. In this paper we
examine the potential legitimacy of below cost selling by modeling the optimal
pricing of a multi-product retailer in a game-theoretic framework. We show that
loss leading is an equilibrium outcome that is socially desirable in an
imperfectly competitive market. We also model the repercussions of introducing
the ban for equilibrium profits, corresponding services and concentration levels
in the market. Our analysis suggests that a removal of the ban in favour of the
1991 Competition Act would be welfare improving.
Acknowledgements
Certain aspects of this paper were presented to
seminars in Trinity College, Dublin and to the Irish Economic Association in May
1995. We thank all participants for their comments. We are also grateful to John
Fingleton, Francis O'Toole, and Eric Strobl for their helpful suggestions and
support.